The aim of this research therefore was to streamline the understanding of typical causal structures in both randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials in oncology, presenting concise guidelines for ...

We present results that allow the researcher in certain cases to determine the direction of the bias that arises when control for confounding is inadequate. The results are given within the context of ...

An alleged counterexample to causal decision theory, put forward by Andy Egan, is studied in some detail. It is argued that Egan rejects the evaluation of causal decision theory on the basis of a ...

Recent clinical trials in oncology have used increasingly complex methodologies, such as causal inference methods for intercurrent events, external control, and covariate adjustment, posing challenges ...