The immune system can work in two ways: the innate immune system reacts to any foreign invaders that are identified by immune cells that look for such pathogens; but the acquired or adaptive immune ...

Scientists at Tohoku University have discovered the critical role that lactate plays in helping neural stem cells develop into specialized neurons, a process dubbed neuronal differentiation. They also ...

Lactate is a byproduct of exercise and metabolism, fueling our brain when oxygen is limited. More recently, scientists have become aware of the many roles it plays in developing our nervous system.

The BCG vaccine protects against tuberculosis, but by inducing trained immunity it also protects against many more respiratory infections. International research led by the Radboudumc shows how this ...

When George Brooks first began investigating lactate, or lactic acid, sports physiologists saw it as a muscle poison that lowered performance. His research over decades has reversed that picture, ...