In-circuit test (ICT) systems have been the leaders in using electrical means to look for structural defects in PCBs. They employ bed-of-nails fixtures to provide electrical access to as many as 7000 ...

Introduction. In the field of electronic manufacturing, HDI (High-Density Interconnect) PCBs have become the cor ...

Test engineers have a variety of options for testing printed-circuit boards—ranging from in-circuit testers to the latest in embedded-instrument technology. Despite the decline of PCB physical access ...

Testing is a key element of printed-circuit-board (PCB) design. If PCB testing is used at all stages of the production process, manufacturers can save resources and increase productivity by ensuring ...